Behavior & Symptoms

Do Dogs Dream? And Why Does It Matter?

Last night as my husband and I relaxed in front of the TV, I suddenly grabbed his arm and gestured to our Lab mix, Rio, who was sprawled out on his bed, fast asleep. His tail was thumping up and down. “He’s ‘sleep wagging!’” I whispered, while we grinned at each other. 

I love watching Rio wag his tail while he’s sleeping because he must be feeling happy even though he’s unconscious. I’ve always assumed he’s dreaming and wonder what he’s dreaming about. In this instance, we had just returned from a weekend camping trip. Was our dog dreaming about a hike, or swimming in the lake? Maybe he was dreaming about a friendly dog he met on the trails, or snuggling in the tent, or dinnertime. 

Rio has always been an active sleeper. Sometimes he twitches, with his paws motoring back and forth in what we’ve dubbed “chasing bunnies.” Other times he’ll let out a growl or a little woof. Is he playfully defending the yard from a squirrel in his dream? Or is he having a nightmare? Could he be recalling the dog who jumped out of the window of a parked car and attacked him? 

Then there’s the core question: Is my dog actually dreaming, or is it all in my head? 

Do Dogs Dream?

The answer is yes, according to Matthew Wilson, PhD, a neurobiology professor at Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s Picower Institute for Learning and Memory. Dr. Wilson’s groundbreaking scientific research found that rats dream and replay memories, which has implications for dogs and other mammals with the same brain structures.

“The question of whether animals dream is complicated by the fact that we can’t get them to tell us what they were dreaming about,” he said. “So we need some way of actually directly interrogating the brain and saying, ‘Is the brain–during sleep–is it also processing information about experiences they’ve had, things they’ve seen, things that they’ve done?’”

The research team inserted electrodes into the rats’ brains and recorded the patterns of brain activity that occurred while the animals were awake–“It’s sort of like recording the movie of experience”–in the hippocampus, the part of the brain that captures information about our experiences.

Then, when the animals went to sleep, the researchers monitored their brains to see whether the patterns occurred again. 

“We can record in areas like the visual cortex and see the patterns that correspond with what they see,” he explained. “And what we find is, during sleep, those patterns reoccur. We see the same patterns and the patterns in the same sequence as though the animal is moving through the world and seeing the images that were associated with that. That’s as close as we can get to identifying what animals might be experiencing during sleep–what we would call dreams. So we can say the animals experience these things as well.”

Dr. Wilson finds it interesting that animals–in particular, mammals such as rats and dogs – have the same kind of sleep that humans have. It can be broken into two different stages: rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and non-rapid eye movement sleep. 

REM sleep, also called paradoxical sleep, is the stage in which the brain activity generally looks like the brain is awake; people wakened from REM sleep report dreams. Dr. Wilson and his colleagues found brain activity in the rats during REM sleep corresponded to their experiences, such as navigating a maze.

“It’s as though the animal is actually running or actually moving through space, having these experiences,” he said. “That relates to what people might think of when they’re watching their dog. Your dog’s asleep, and you suddenly see these periods where their paws might start to move, and you hear their half-vocalizations. And you think, ‘Oh! They must be dreaming about chasing squirrels or running around.’ That would be these periods of REM sleep, where the dream content also includes movement.”

There are important reasons to care about why and how dogs and other animals–including humans–dream that go beyond simple curiosity, according to Dr. Wilson. For starters, a great deal of research suggests that memory processing during sleep or dreaming performs some critical functions and is what the brain uses to make sense of the world.

“Sleep is designed to try to make sense of complicated things,” he said. 

One critical way this impacts dogs is social interactions. When training a dog to “sit” or “come” when cued, we might say the word and use a hand signal, then click a clicker or say “yes!” while offering a treat or praise as a reward. But dreaming helps the learning go beyond rote repetition and into understanding the relationship we want to have with them, he explained.

“You’re trying to teach them to be a good social companion that doesn’t jump up on you or your friends or doesn’t run ahead of you when you’re walking. That’s what they’re trying to figure out,” he said. “And that’s where sleep contributes, I think, in a unique way.”

So allowing our dogs to have quality, uninterrupted sleep is a key component of helping them grasp big picture concepts.

“In studying animals, we see that they have dreams and they do have value in learning. If you disrupt sleep, or you disrupt the dream content in sleep, you can selectively interfere with effective learning,” Dr. Wilson noted.

Impact of Sound

Experiments have also shown playing sounds during sleep can influence dream content–something unsurprising to humans who have had our environment affect our dreams.

“If you’re cold, your dreams might be about floating away on an iceberg or those kinds of things,” he said. “And we can record the same thing during sleep in rats. By playing sounds, for instance, that were associated with things when they’re awake, we can see that those sounds then trigger replaying dream content that’s associated with those. So in a sense, dogs are probably doing the same thing. The things that they hear are probably influencing the dreams that they’re having.”

Sounds are particularly effective as an environmental factor in influencing sleep and dreaming because the auditory cortex–the part of the brain that processes sound–is just as active during sleep as it is while awake, he emphasized. So though a dog might not seem to respond to what he’s hearing, his brain is processing it.

“In principle, you could influence their dreams and influence their processing by telling them to do things in their dreams. Tell them to sit in their dreams, they’re probably going to sit,” he said. 

However, he was quick to caution that the downside is that the brain vigilantly listens for sounds that might be important, such as a threat from predators. So certain sounds might wake up the dog–and the best sleep is during a period of minimal arousal with no sounds or lights.

“My attitude toward it is: evolution has designed sleep to work well. If that’s how it’s designed to work, then I would just let it work, right? Good-quality sleep leads to healthy brain function,” he said. “There’s a metabolic value to it. It’s really important for not just processing memories but also keeping the brain and body healthy. So I wouldn’t encourage people to disrupt their animals’ sleep.” 

We also shouldn’t interrupt our dogs when they’re daydreaming. Dr. Wilson noted that non-REM sleep is directly related to periods of quiet wakefulness, so resting is also valuable for planning or good decision making.

“I think you could expand the charge of letting sleeping dogs lie to ‘let resting dogs lie,’” he opined.

Creating a Sanctuary Space

To that end, we should create a “sanctuary space” for our dogs in our homes, according to Lisa Radosta, DVM, a board-certified veterinary behaviorist at Florida Veterinary Behavior Service.

“A sanctuary space is a place away from the main living area where the pet can go to relax. It should be comfortable and familiar to the pet,” she said. “My dog’s sanctuary space is my bedroom. We don’t spend a lot of time in there so it is super quiet and dark … He goes there and sleeps whenever he wants. We don’t disturb him.”

She said many pet parents find it distressing when their dog heads to another room, but we shouldn’t be offended–he might just need a break. 

Playing soft music and avoiding things that are jarring, such as a loud TV show, can also help our dogs sleep, though Dr. Radosta noted that some dogs sleep through practically everything: “It’s about knowing your dog.” 

Still, when dogs are lying down or sleeping, no one should bother them.

“Don’t reach for them and don’t let your kids climb on top of them,” she advised. “Let’s be realistic. Do you want someone climbing onto you when you are snoozing? That kind of interaction can create an anxiety about sleeping or being in that spot. If the dog doesn’t feel safe, how can he get that good, deep sleep that he needs?” 

Dr. Radosta said that if dogs replay the day’s events while dreaming and use sleep to learn and process social interactions, that’s just one more compelling reason to use positive training methods instead of punishment-based techniques.

“The dog would continue to process traumatic interactions as they dream,” she said. “Who would want that? However, that has nothing to do with dreaming and more to do with: Why would we want an animal we love to experience trauma?”

In order to enrich our dogs’ lives so they have pleasant memories to dream about–as opposed to stressful nightmares–she shared the following tips: 

• Look at what your dog really likes to do, and do that. Does your dog like to sniff? Do nosework or tracking, for example. 

• Focus on the positive. Instead of spending your day trying to figure out how to correct your dog, try to find at least 10 things that he does correctly each day and reinforce him for those things. 

• Accept him for who he is. Sometimes we want our dogs to greet people, to walk for miles or to love going out to eat with us. However, sometimes our dogs don’t like our friends, like to play inside, and are homebodies. We all want to be loved for who we are. Dogs are no different. Accept who your dog is first and then find things that you can do together. 

• Keep your dog busy. Keep him busy with food toys and puzzle toys. Games and quick training sessions. Dogs aren’t made to work 24/7 but they do like to have hobbies. 

• Give your dog a break. Everyone, including dogs, needs places to get away from it all. A sanctuary space is a place where the dog can go to get away from the chaos of life. 

She concluded by emphasizing the importance of allowing our dogs to get the sleep that they need and deserve.

“I know they are cute. My dog is the cutest,” she said of her beloved dog, Maverick. “But let sleeping dogs lie.”